Is location a significant parameter in the layer dependent dissection properties of the aorta?

Proper characterisation of biological tissue is key to understanding the effect of the biomechanical environment in the physiology and pathology of the cardiovascular system. Aortic dissection in particular is a prevalent and sometimes fatal disease that still lacks a complete comprehension of its progression. Its development and outcome, however, depend on the location in the vessel. Dissection properties of arteries are frequently studied via delamination tests, such as the T-peel test and the mixed-mode peel test. So far, a study that performs both tests throughout different locations of the aorta, as well as dissecting several interfaces, is missing. This makes it difficult to extract conclusions in terms of vessel heterogeneity, as a standardised experimental procedure cannot be assured for different studies in literature. Therefore, both dissection tests have been here performed on healthy porcine aortas, dissecting three interfaces of the vessels, i.e., the intima-media, the media-adventitia and the media within itself, considering different locations of the aorta, the ascending thoracic aorta (ATA), the descending thoracic aorta and the infrarenal abdominal aorta (IAA). Significant differences were found for both, layers and location. In particular, dissection forces in the ATA were the highest and the separation of the intima-media interface required significantly the lowest force. Moreover, dissection in the longitudinal direction of the vessel generally required more force than in the circumferential one. These results emphasise the need to characterise aortic tissue considering the specific location and dissected layer of the vessel

Estudio de la influencia de las tensiones tangenciales en el endotelio mediante un sistema microfluídico de placa de ateroma

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo. Entre ellas, la aterosclerosis es la etiología más común. La aterosclerosis consiste en el estrechamiento progresivo de un vaso sanguíneo debido a la deposición de una placa de ateroma. A pesar de la elevada incidencia de esta enfermedad, su mecanismo aún no se conoce completamente.La aterosclerosis es una patología localizada; por lo tanto, los factores sistémicos en sangre no son los únicos iniciadores de esta enfermedad. Las zonas más susceptibles de desarrollar aterosclerosis comparten patrones de flujo turbulento, debido principalmente a la presencia de bifurcaciones. Por todo esto, la biomecánica y la hemodinámica de esta patología están ganando cada vez mayor atención.A nivel celular, el flujo sanguíneo influye en el comportamiento de las células endoteliales de la pared del vaso. Estas células pueden modificar su forma y orientación, provocando una alteración en la permeabilidad de la pared. Un aumento de la permeabilidad del endotelio es el primer paso para desarrollar aterosclerosis. Por lo tanto, el estudio del efecto del flujo en la forma y orientación celular es esencial.En este trabajo, se ha desarrollado un ensayo experimental para estudiar las células endoteliales coronarias humanas (HCAECs) y su respuesta al flujo sanguíneo. En particular, el flujo se ha caracterizado mediante la tensión tangencial en la pared (WSS), tensión que experimentan las células debido al paso de la sangre. Para ello, se ha diseñado y fabricado un dispositivo microfluídico, se ha establecido el protocolo experimental y se ha desarrollado un programa de análisis de imágenes para posprocesar la información obtenida en el microscopio.Hasta ahora se han llevado a cabo dos lotes de experimentos. Se ha encontrado respuesta celular en términos de forma y orientación a los diferentes valores de WSS en todos los casos estudiados.<br /

Digital twins for monitoring and predicting the cooking of food products: A case study for a French crêpe

The food industry is shifting toward automated and customized processes, leading to the emergence of smart cooking devices that improve cooking outcomes. However, these devices can be invasive, costly, and only applicable to certain foods. To address these issues, a noninvasive digital twin that monitors food during cooking using a common frying pan with a temperature sensor and a weighing scale is proposed. A case study for a French crêpe is presented, in which we developed a digital twin using a neural network trained on over 400,000 simulation data points. The results show that the digital twin can accurately estimate the properties of the crêpe during cooking in real time with a mean absolute percentage error of less than 5% and predict when it will be cooked according to user criteria. The approach offers significant benefits over existing smart cooking devices, as it can be applied to a wide range of cooking processes. The proposed technology enables food process automation and has potential applications in both home and professional kitchens

Determinación numérico-experimental de las propiedades mecánicas de rotura de la arteria aorta mediante el método de elementos finitos

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo, representando el 29% de las muertes en España. La arteria aorta es el vaso de mayor calibre del cuerpo, y la encargada de transportar la sangre desde el corazón al resto de tejidos, por lo que una lesión en este vaso conlleva una alta mortalidad.La disección aórtica es la complicación local más frecuente de la arteria y consiste en el desgarro de la capa íntima, a través del cual la sangre penetra en la pared de la arteria, provocando una debilidad de la parte interna del vaso. Según dónde se localice y cómo evolucione esta lesión, muestra altísimas tasas de mortalidad, de hasta el 100% si no se recibe tratamiento.En el presente Trabajo Fin de Grado, se busca un abordaje desde sus bases físicas, mediante el estudio de las propiedades mecánicas de rotura del vaso, buscando aportar conocimientos a los mecanismos lesionales que puedan repercutir sobre posibles opciones terapéuticas futuras.Para la obtención de este objetivo, se ha extraído diversas muestras de una arteria aorta porcina que han sido ensayadas de dos modos de fractura distinto (modo I y modo mixto) para obtener las curvas experimentales que muestran la fuerza necesaria para separar las distintas capas que conforman el vaso.Posteriormente, los datos experimentales se han postprocesado, eliminando datos erróneos y generando la curva fuerza - separación de mordazas que, finalmente, se buscó reproducir. Para lograr el objetivo de simular el comportamiento de separación de las distintas capas de la arteria, se ha empleado el método de elementos finitos y formulación hiperelástica para poder así obtener, finalmente, la energía de rotura y los parámetros de rotura para cada una de las capas.<br /

Estudio de la respuesta endotelial a estímulos mecánicos presentes en los vasos sanguíneos.

La aterosclerosis es una alteración crónica que afecta principalmente a las arterias y que pertenece al grupo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, que son la principal causa de muerte en países industrializados.La presencia de niveles elevados de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) en el torrente sanguíneo favorece la aparición de placas de ateroma que suponen un riesgo cardiovascular. Cuando las lipoproteínas se encuentran en exceso pueden acumularse en el espacio subendotelial donde son oxidadas produciendo como efecto final el endurecimiento del vaso sanguíneo y la reducción de su diámetro. La formación de placas de ateroma se produce, con mayor frecuencia, en las zonas de bifurcación donde se observa un flujo sanguíneo turbulento.Las células del endotelio son susceptibles al flujo sanguíneo, ya que pueden modificar su forma y orientación dependiendo del mismo. Estas dos características de las células están directamente relacionadas con la permeabilidad del vaso. Cuando se produce un aumento de la permeabilidad, las lipoproteínas atraviesan la pared con mayor facilidad favoreciendo la acumulación. Por ello, estudiar la influencia del flujo sanguíneo sobre las células endoteliales es un paso crítico para entender esta patología.Durante este trabajo se han desarrollado ensayos microfluídicos con células endoteliales humanas de cordón umbilical (HUVECs) para analizar su respuesta al flujo sanguíneo estudiando su forma y orientación a través de técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes obtenidas por microscopía.<br /

Diseño de un sistema de microfluídica para la simulación de la formación de la placa de ateroma

The aim of this work is to design a microfluidic device that reproduces the different conditions and parameters of blood flow that appear both in the physiological range of a coronary artery and in the pathological range, in the process of generation and development of an atheroma plaque.El objetivo de este trabajo es el diseño de un dispositivo de microfluídica que reproduzca las diferentes condiciones y parámetros del flujo sanguíneo que aparecen tanto en el rango fisiológico de una arteria coronaria como en el patológico, en el proceso de generación y desarrollo de la placa de ateroma

Exploring APOE genotype effects on Alzheimer's disease risk and amyloid β burden in individuals with subjective cognitive decline: The FundacioACE Healthy Brain Initiative (FACEHBI) study baseline results

Introduction: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been proposed as a potential preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the genetic and biomarker profiles of SCD individuals remain mostly unexplored. Methods: We evaluated apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4's effect in the risk of presenting SCD, using the Fundacio ACE Healthy Brain Initiative (FACEHBI) SCD cohort and Spanish controls, and performed a meta-analysis addressing the same question. We assessed the relationship between APOE dosage and brain amyloid burden in the FACEHBI SCD and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohorts. Results: Analysis of the FACEHBI cohort and the meta-analysis demonstrated SCD individuals presented higher allelic frequencies of APOE ε4 with respect to controls. APOE dosage explained 9% (FACEHBI cohort) and 11% (FACEHBI and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohorts) of the variance of cerebral amyloid levels. Discussion: The FACEHBI sample presents APOE ε4 enrichment, suggesting that a pool of AD patients is nested in our sample. Cerebral amyloid levels are partially explained by the APOE allele dosage, suggesting that other genetic or epigenetic factors are involved in this AD endophenotype

Prospective associations between a priori dietary patterns adherence and kidney function in an elderly Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk

Purpose To assess the association between three different a priori dietary patterns adherence (17-item energy reduced-Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet), Trichopoulou-MedDiet and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH)), as well as the Protein Diet Score and kidney function decline after one year of follow-up in elderly individuals with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods We prospectively analyzed 5675 participants (55-75 years) from the PREDIMED-Plus study. At baseline and at one year, we evaluated the creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and food-frequency questionnaires-derived dietary scores. Associations between four categories (decrease/maintenance and tertiles of increase) of each dietary pattern and changes in eGFR (ml/min/1.73m(2)) or >= 10% eGFR decline were assessed by fitting multivariable linear or logistic regression models, as appropriate. Results Participants in the highest tertile of increase in 17-item erMedDiet Score showed higher upward changes in eGFR (beta: 1.87 ml/min/1.73m(2); 95% CI: 1.00-2.73) and had lower odds of >= 10% eGFR decline (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.47-0.82) compared to individuals in the decrease/maintenance category, while Trichopoulou-MedDiet and DASH Scores were not associated with any renal outcomes. Those in the highest tertile of increase in Protein Diet Score had greater downward changes in eGFR (beta: - 0.87 ml/min/1.73m(2); 95% CI: - 1.73 to - 0.01) and 32% higher odds of eGFR decline (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.00-1.75). Conclusions Among elderly individuals with overweight/obesity and MetS, only higher upward change in the 17-item erMedDiet score adherence was associated with better kidney function after one year. However, increasing Protein Diet Score appeared to have an adverse impact on kidney health. Trial Registration Number: ISRCTN89898870 (Data of registration: 2014).Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the official Spanish Institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Fondo de Investigacion para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (six coordinated FIS projects leaded by JS-S and JVi, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, PI19/00957, PI19/00386, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, PI19/01226, PI19/00781, PI19/01560, PI19/01332, PI20/01802, PI20/00138, PI20/01532, PI20/00456, PI20/00339, PI20/00557, PI20/00886, PI20/01158); the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementacion y evaluacion de una intervencion intensiva sobre la actividad fisica Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to JS-S; the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2014-2019; agreement #340918) granted to MAMG.; the Recercaixa (number 2013ACUP00194) grant to JS-S; grants from the Consejeria de Salud de la Junta de Andalucia (PI0458/2013, PS0358/2016, PI0137/2018); the PROMETEO/2017/017 and the PROMETEO 21/2021 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana; the SEMERGEN grant; the Boosting young talent call grant program for the development of IISPV research projects 2019-2021 (Ref.: 2019/IISPV/03 grant to AD-L); the Societat Catalana d'Endocrinologia i Nutricio (SCEN) Clinical-Research Grant 2019 (IPs: JS-S and AD-L). Collaborative Nutrition and/or Obesity Project for Young Researchers 2019 supported by CIBEROBN entitled: Lifestyle Interventions and Chronic Kidney Disease: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Metabolomic Profile (LIKIDI study) grant to AD-L. Jordi Salas-Salvado, gratefully acknowledges the financial support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. M.R.-G., is supported by the Ministry of Education of Spain (FPU17/06488). None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, or writing the report, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication

Predictors of Loss of Functional Independence in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up and Comparison with a Control Group

COPPADIS Study Group.[Background and objective] The aim of this study was to compare the progression of independence in activities of daily living (ADL) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients versus a control group, as well as to identify predictors of disability progression and functional dependency (FD).[Patients and Methods] PD patients and control subjects, who were recruited from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort between January 2016 and November 2017 (V0), were included. Patients and subjects were then evaluated again at the 2-year follow-up (V2). Disability was assessed with the Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale (S&E-ADLS) at V0 and V2. FD was defined as an S&E-ADLS score less than 80%.[Results] In the PD group, a significant decrease in the S&E-ADLS score from V0 to V2 (N = 507; from 88.58 ± 10.19 to 84.26 ± 13.38; p < 0.0001; Cohen’s effect size = −0.519) was observed but not in controls (N = 124; from 98.87 ± 6.52 to 99.52 ± 2.15; p = 0.238). When only patients considered functional independent at baseline were included, 55 out of 463 (11.9%) converted to functional dependent at V2. To be a female (OR = 2.908; p = 0.009), have longer disease duration (OR = 1.152; p = 0.002), have a non-tremoric motor phenotype at baseline (OR = 3.574; p = 0.004), have a higher score at baseline in FOGQ (OR = 1.244; p < 0.0001) and BDI-II (OR = 1.080; p = 0.008), have a lower score at baseline in PD-CRS (OR = 0.963; p = 0.008), and have a greater increase in the score from V0 to V2 in UPDRS-IV (OR = 1.168; p = 0.0.29), FOGQ (OR = 1.348; p < 0.0001) and VAFS-Mental (OR = 1.177; p = 0.013) (adjusted R-squared 0.52; Hosmer and Lemeshow test = 0.94) were all found to be independent predictors of FD at V2.[Conclusions] In conclusion, autonomy for ADL worsens in PD patients compared to controls. Cognitive impairment, gait problems, fatigue, depressive symptoms, more advanced disease, and a non-tremor phenotype are independent predictors of FD in the short-term.Fundación Curemos el Parkinson (www.curemoselparkinson.org).Peer reviewe

Integrative development of a short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption (sQ-HPF)

Background: Recent lifestyle changes include increased consumption of highly processed foods (HPF), which has been associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, nutritional information relies on the estimation of HPF consumption from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) that are not explicitly developed for this purpose. We aimed to develop a short screening questionnaire of HPF consumption (sQ-HPF) that integrates criteria from the existing food classification systems. Methods: Data from 4400 participants (48.1% female and 51.9% male, 64.9 +/- 4.9 years) of the Spanish PREDIMED-Plus (PREvention with MEDiterranean DIet) trial were used for this analysis. Items from the FFQ were classified according to four main food processing-based classification systems (NOVA, IARC, IFIC and UNC). Participants were classified into tertiles of HPF consumption according to each system. Using binomial logistic regression, food groups associated with agreement in the highest tertile for at least two classification systems were chosen as items for the questionnaire. ROC analysis was used to determine cut-off points for the frequency of consumption of each item, from which a score was calculated. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's analysis, and agreement with the four classifications was assessed with weighted kappa coefficients. Results: Regression analysis identified 14 food groups (items) associated with high HPF consumption for at least two classification systems. EFA showed that items were representative contributors of a single underlying factor, the HPF dietary pattern (factor loadings around 0.2). We constructed a questionnaire asking about the frequency of consumption of those items. The threshold frequency of consumption was selected using ROC analysis. Comparison of the four classification systems and the sQ-HPF showed a fair to high agreement. Significant changes in lifestyle characteristics were detected across tertiles of the sQ-HPF score. Longitudinal changes in HPF consumption were also detected by the sQ-HPF, concordantly with existing classification systems. Conclusions: We developed a practical tool to measure HPF consumption, the sQ-HPF. This may be a valuable instrument to study its relationship with NCDs